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EGF is a member of the EGF-family of proteins, which also includes TGFα and amphiregulin. EGF exerts its effects by binding to the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). It is a potent mitogen that stimulates cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation in various cell types, particularly epithelial cells. It also plays a significant role in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling.

Also known as FGF-2, bFGF is a member of the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family. It binds to FGF receptors (FGFRs) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans, triggering intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. bFGF is essential in angiogenesis, wound healing, and tissue repair. It also maintains the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells and induces the formation of new neurons in the adult brain.

VEGF is a member of the VEGF family of growth factors that includes VEGF-A, -B, -C, -D, and placental growth factor (PlGF). VEGF-A is the most well-known isoform and plays a crucial role in angiogenesis. It binds to VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) on endothelial cells, stimulating their proliferation, migration, and survival. VEGF is essential in the growth of new blood vessels during development, tissue repair, and tumor formation.

PDGF-AA is one of the five isoforms of the PDGF family, which also includes PDGF-BB, -AB, -CC, and -DD. PDGFs exert their effects by binding to PDGF receptors (PDGFRs) and activating intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, proliferation, and migration. PDGF-AA primarily targets mesenchymal cells, such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, and is involved in the formation of blood vessels, wound healing, and tissue repair.

TGFβ is a member of the TGFβ superfamily, which also includes Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) and Growth Differentiation Factors (GDFs). TGFβ signals through TGFβ receptors and downstream SMAD proteins, modulating cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix production. It plays a critical role in tissue homeostasis, wound healing, immune regulation, and fibrosis. Dysregulation of TGFβ signaling is implicated in various diseases, including cancer and fibrotic disorders.

Also known as FGF-7, KGF is a member of the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family. KGF specifically targets keratinocytes, the primary cell type found in the epidermis. It binds to the FGFR2b receptor, promoting keratinocyte migration, proliferation, and differentiation. KGF plays a vital role in skin homeostasis, wound healing, and barrier function.

GDF-11, also known as BMP-11, is a member of the TGF-β superfamily and is closely related to GDF-8 (myostatin). GDF-11 is synthesized as a precursor protein that undergoes proteolytic cleavage to generate the mature, biologically active form. GDF-11 signals through activin type II receptors (ActRIIA and ActRIIB) and ALK4 or ALK5 type I receptors, leading to the activation of downstream SMAD2/3 transcription factors. GDF-11 has been implicated in the regulation of various biological processes, including cell differentiation, tissue homeostasis, and regeneration. Studies have suggested that GDF-11 levels decrease with age, and its administration in aged mice has been shown to rejuvenate multiple tissues, including the heart and skeletal muscle. However, the precise role of GDF-11 in aging and tissue regeneration remains an area of active investigation.

IGF-1 is a peptide hormone that shares structural homology with insulin and is part of the IGF family, which also includes IGF-2 and several IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). IGF-1 is predominantly synthesized in the liver in response to growth hormone (GH) stimulation, although it can also be produced locally by various tissues. IGF-1 exerts its effects by binding to the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), a tyrosine kinase receptor that activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways, including the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways. These pathways regulate cell growth, differentiation, survival, and metabolism. IGF-1 plays a vital role in growth and development, particularly during childhood and adolescence, and is essential for maintaining bone density, muscle mass, and metabolic homeostasis. Dysregulation of IGF-1 signaling has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.

HGF, also known as Scatter Factor (SF), is a pleiotropic growth factor that targets various cell types, particularly hepatocytes. HGF binds to the MET receptor, activating intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, survival, migration, and morphogenesis.